Evolution of ICT Application

Who am I?

My name is K.H.P. Shobha Sanjeewani. I was born in 30th of December 2002. I'm from Kotte. My School is Ananda Balika Kotte. I have Sat GCE Ordinary Level in the year 2018 and GCE Advanced Level in the year 2021. Currently I studying Bachelor of Information Technology External Degree at University of Moratuwa. 

Evolution Of ICT Application

ICT?

ICT means Information and Communication Technology. ICT means Meaningful information communicate using  technology. What is an information? Information is a collection of a data. Data is a not meaningful and cannot get an idea. Examples of the Data The numbers, words, Images and symbols and more. Information is  collection of Data. Information is meaningful and  information is used to make a  decisions.

Evolution of ICT

There are 4 main periods in history that divide the era of ICT.

    1. Pre-mechanical Period

    2.Mechanical Period

    3.Electro- Mechanical Period

    4.Electronic Period

What is a Computer?

Computer is human made  programmable electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the result for future use. Computer is invented for the calculations. 

Computer is invented by Charles Babbage. He called 

                                                                "Father of the Computer".

Evolution of Computer

Computers became Automated they were categorized into various Generation. They are:

• 1st Generation Computers
• 2nd Generation Computers
• 3rd Generation Computers
• 4th Generation Computers
• 5th Generation Computers

 First Generation (1942-1959)

First Generation computer  technology is a Vacuum Tubes. Therefore First Generation Computers features are High heat Generation, slow in processing, Not portable, very large in size, High consumption of Electricity, Highly Expensive etc. This Generation computers are used to Punch Cards; Punch cards are used for input, process, output and storage data. This Generation used Machine Language, Assembly Language and Stored Program Concept.

Examples of the first generation computers:-

    -ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integer and Computer)

    -UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

    -EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

    -EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)

    -IBM 701

Vacuum Tubes

    

    

Vacuum Tube is a technology for First Generation Computers. The vacuum Tube is a glass tube with its gas removed, creating a vacuum. Vacuum tube first developed by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904. Vacuum Tubes contain Electrodes for controlling electron flow and were used in early computers as a switch or an amplifier.

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integer and Computer)

The First large scale electronic  general purpose computer for the military which was named as ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer) was invented in 1946 by John Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly. ENIAC was designed and built for the United States Army to Calculate artillery firing tables.

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

    The UNIVAC was the first general purpose electronic digital computer made by the Eckert Mauchly computer company in the 1950. 

UNIVAC was built from the start as a stored-program computer, so it was really different architecturally. It used an operator keyboard and console typewriter for input and magnetic tape for all other input and output. Printed output was recorded on tape and then printed by a separate tape printer.

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

EDVAC was an arithmetic only computer working with binary numbers rather than the Decimal operations of ENIAC. It had 1K- 44 bit words of delay line memory.

EDVAC was designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania in the 1940s. 

Second Generation (1959-1965)

Second Generation Computers Technology is a Transistors. Therefore Second Generation Computers features are smaller in size, Less heat Generation, Low power Consumption, Comparatively faster than the first generation, Expensive etc.  This Generation computers are used to Tape, Floppy disk, Tape for Secondary Storage. This Generation used High level programming language, Assembly Language.

Examples of the Second Generation Computers:

    -Honey well 400

    -IBM 7030

    -CDC 160

    -UNIVAC LARC

Transistors

 Transistors developed by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at the Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947. The transistor (short for "transfer resistance") is made up of semiconductors. 

In 1954, IBM announced it was no longer planning to use vacuum tubes in its computers and introduced its first computer that had 2000 transistors. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and today are found in virtually all electronic devices.

IBM 7030

The IBM 7030, also known as Stretch, was IBM's first transistorized supercomputer. It was the fastest computer in the world from 1961 until the first CDC 6600 became operational in 1964.

Third Generation (1965- 1975)

Third Generation computer technology is Integrated Circuits. Therefore Third Generation Computers features are smaller in size, less heat generation, Comparatively faster than the second generation, Expensive, Low power consumption etc. This computers are used to birth of Operating Systems (OS), Well developed Programming languages, high level computer languages for coding. 

Examples of the third generation computers:-

    -IBM 360/370

    -PDP-8

    -PDP-11

    -CDC 6600

Integrated Circuits

Integrated circuits have their origin in the invention of the transistor in 1947 by William B. Shockley and his team at the American Telephone and Telegraph Company’s Bell Laboratories.

CDC 6600

The CDC 6600 was the flagship of the 6000 series of mainframe computer systems manufactured by Control Data Corporation. The CDC 6600 toppled speed records in 1964. Control Data sold about 100 of them, penetrating markets beyond the usual government and military customers. The 6600 executed a dizzying 3,000,000 instructions per second.

Fourth Generation (1975-1988)

This Generation computer technology is Large Scale Integrated Circuits and Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits.  Therefore fourth generation computers features are very small in size, Portable, Upgradable etc. This computers are used to OS with GUI (Graphical User Interface), UNIX OS. 

Examples of the Fourth Generation Computers:-

    -IBM PC

    -Apple II

Large Scale Integrated Circuits

Large-scale integration (LSI) is the process of integrating or embedding thousands of transistors on a single silicon semiconductor microchip. Large Scale Integrated technology was conceived in the mid-1970s when computer processor microchips were under development.

IBM PC

IBM-PC. International Business Machines Corporation Personal Computer. The new IBM PC could not only process information faster than those earlier machines but it could hook up to the home TV set, play games, process text and harbor more words than a fat cookbook.

Fifth Generation (1988- Present)

Fifth Generation Computers technology is Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits . Therefore fifth Generation Computers features are Portable, Less expensive, Smaller in size, Easy operation, High reliability, High Efficiency etc. Fifth Generation Computers are used to Very High Capacity Hard disk and optical disks, Internet. Examples of the Fifth Generation of Computers:

    -IBM Notebooks

    -Pentium PCs

    -SUN workstations 

Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuit

Ultra large-scale integration (ULSI) is the process of integrating or embedding millions of transistors on a single silicon semiconductor microchip. ULSI technology was conceived during the late 1980s when superior computer processor microchips, specifically for the Intel 8086 series, were under development.

 ULSI is an IC (integrated circuit) design introduced in 1984 with support for over 1,000,000 transistors and 100,000 logic gates.